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【英文标准名称】:StandardTerminologyforExpressingConclusionsofForensicDocumentExaminers
【原文标准名称】:法庭文件复审人表示结论用标准术语
【标准号】:ASTME1658-2008
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E30.02
【标准类型】:(Terminology)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Conclusions;Documentexaminers;Forensicdocumentexaminers;Forensicinvestigation/analysis;Terminology--forensicanalysis
【摘要】:Documentexaminersbeginexaminationsfromapointofneutrality.Thereareaninfinitenumberofgradationsofopiniontowardanidentificationortowardanelimination.Itisinthosecaseswhereintheopinionislessthandefinitethatcarefulattentionisespeciallyneededinthechoiceoflanguageusedtoconveytheweightoftheevidence.Commonsensedictatesthatwemustlimittheterminologyweuseinexpressingourdegreesofconfidenceintheevidencetotermsthatarereadilyunderstandabletothosewhouseourservices(includinginvestigators,attorneys,judges,andjurymembers),aswellastootherdocumentexaminers.Theexpressionsusedtodifferentiatethegradationsofopinionsshouldnotbeconsideredasstronglydefinedx201C;categoriesx201D;.Theseexpressionsshouldbeguidelineswithoutsharplydefinedboundaries.Whenaforensicdocumentexaminerchoosestouseoneofthetermsdefinedbelow,thelistenerorreadercanassumethatthisiswhattheexaminerintendedthetermtomean.Toavoidthepossibilityofmisinterpretationofatermwheretheexpertisnotpresenttoexplaintheguidelinesinthisstandard,theappropriatedefinition(s)couldbequotedinorappendedtoreports.Theexamplesaregivenbothinthefirstpersonandinthirdpersonsincebothmethodsofreportingareusedbydocumentexaminersandsincebothformsmeetthemainpurposeofthestandard,i.e.,tosuggestterminologythatisreadilyunderstandable.Theseexamplesshouldnotberegardedastheonlywaystoutilizeprobabilitystatementsinreportsandtestimony.Infollowinganyguidelines,theexaminershouldalwaysbearinmindthatsometimestheexaminationwillleadintopathsthatcannotbeanticipatedandthatnoguidelinescancoverexactly.Althoughthematerialthatfollowsdealswithhandwriting,forensicdocumentexaminersmayapplythisterminologytootherexaminationswithinthescopeoftheirwork,asdescribedinGuideE444,anditmaybeusedbyforensicexaminersinotherareas,asappropriate.Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.1.1Thisterminologyisintendedtoassistforensicdocumentexaminersinexpressingconclusionsoropinionsbasedontheirexaminations.1.2ThetermsinthisterminologyarebasedonthereportofacommitteeoftheQuestionedDocumentSectionoftheAmericanAcademyofForensicSciencethatwasadoptedastherecommendedguidelinesinreportsandtestimonybytheQuestionedDocumentSectionoftheAmericanAcademyofForensicScienceandtheAmericanBoardofForensicDocumentExaminers.
【中国标准分类号】:A22
【国际标准分类号】:01_040_11
【页数】:3P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:Solarenergy;calibrationofapyranometerusingapyrheliometer
【原文标准名称】:太阳能用日射强度计校准总日射表
【标准号】:ISO9846-1993
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:1993-12
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际标准化组织(IX-ISO)
【起草单位】:ISO/TC180
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Calibration;Pyranometers;Pyrheliometers;Radiationmeasurement;Radiationmeasuringinstruments;Solarenergy;Solarpower;Solarradiation
【摘要】:ItsuseismandatoryforthecalibrationofsecondarystandardpyranometersaccordingtoISO9060,andisrecommendedforthecalibrationofpyranometerswhichareusedasreferenceinstrumentsincomparisons.Isintendedforusebytestinstitutionsortestlaboratoriesequippedwithwell-maintainedpyrheliometersandisapplicabletoallpyranometers.Theobjectistopromotetheuniformapplicationofreliablemethodstocalibratepyranometers,sinceaccuratecalibrationfactorsarethebasisofaccuratehemisphericalsolarradiationdatawhichareneededforsolarenergytestapplicationsorsimulations.
【中国标准分类号】:F12
【国际标准分类号】:27_160
【页数】:20P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语